Intraocular Lenses With Interlenticular Opacification Resistance

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to an intraocular lens, an intraocular lens system and a method of producing and/or implanting the lens or system in an eye wherein at least one intraocular lens includes a coating that aids in resisting interlenticular opacification (ILO). The material of the coating is preferably hydrophilic or super-hydrophobic.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/874,863 filed Sep. 2, 2010 (now allowed) claims priority under 35U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/239,974,filed Sep. 4, 2009, the entire contents of which are incorporated hereinby reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an intraocular lens, an intraocularlens system and a method of producing and/or implanting the lens orsystem in an eye wherein at least one intraocular lens includes acoating that aids in resisting interlenticular opacification (ILO).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The human eye functions to provide vision by transmitting and refractinglight through a clear outer portion called the cornea, and furtherfocusing the image by way of a lens onto the retina at the back of theeye. The quality of the focused image depends on many factors includingthe size, shape and length of the eye, and the shape and transparency ofthe cornea and lens.

When trauma, age, disease or other malady cause an individual's naturalcrystalline lens to become less transparent, vision deteriorates becauseof the diminished light which can be transmitted to the retina. Thisdeficiency in the lens of the eye is often referred to as a cataract.The treatment for this condition is surgical removal of the naturalcrystalline lens and implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL).

While early IOLs were made from hard plastic, such aspolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), soft, foldable IOLs made from acrylatebased material have become increasingly popular because of the abilityto fold or roll these soft lenses and insert them through a smallerincision. Such acrylate based lenses are particularly desirable becausethey exhibit excellent folding and unfolding characteristics during andupon implantation within the eye. Such acrylate lenses also exhibitdesired biocompatibility characteristics.

While typical procedures involve the implantation of only one lens in aneye, there are multiple situations where it is desirable to have asecond or two lenses implanted. As one example, dual optic accommodativelenses have been developed to improve the focal range of IOLs. Asanother example, it may be desirable to, after insertion of a first IOL,implant a second IOL, referred to as piggyback lenses, to improve visualperformance.

While such two lens systems can improve visual performance, recentarticles have suggested that various types of these lens systems may besusceptible to the development of interlenticular opacification (ILO).Such articles include: Gayton J L, Apple D J, Peng Q, et al.,Interlenticular Opacification: A Clinicopathological Correction of a NewComplication of Piggyback Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses, J.Cataract Refract. Surg., 2000; Eleftheriadis H, Marcantonio J, et al.,Interlenticular Opacification in Piggyback AcrySof Intraocular Lenses:Explantation Technique and Laboratory Investigations, Br. J. Ophthalmol.2001, July 85(7): 830-836; and Werner L., Mamalis N., et al.,Interlenticular Opacification: Dual-Optic Versus Piggyback IntraocularLenses, J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 2006, 32: 655-661. At least one ofthese articles suggests that acrylate based two lens systems aresusceptible to ILO formation.

In view of the above, it would be quite desirable to provide anintraocular lens, particularly a two lens system, that inhibits theformation of ILO that might otherwise occur.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to an intraocularlens for use as part of a set of dual optic intraocular lenses orpiggyback intraocular lenses. The lens includes a body formed of ahydrophobic material and the body defines an outer surface. A coating isdisposed on a region of the outer surface of the body. The coating isformed of a hydrophilic material or a super-hydrophobic material. Thebody and coating cooperatively form a first intraocular lens, which isconfigured to face and oppose an outer surface of a second intraocularlens when both the first and the second intraocular lens have beenimplanted within an eye.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to anintraocular lens system of dual optic intraocular lenses or piggybackintraocular lenses. The system includes a first intraocular lens havinga body defining an outer surface and a coating disposed on a region ofthe outer surface of the body. The body of the first intraocular lens isformed of a hydrophobic material and the coating of the firstintraocular lens is formed of a hydrophilic material or asuper-hydrophobic material. The system also includes a secondintraocular lens having a body defining an outer surface. The secondintraocular lens is disposed adjacent the first lens thereby forming aninterlenticular space between the first lens and the second lens. Thecoating of the first intraocular lens faces and opposes the outersurface of the second intraocular lens. Further, the coating of thefirst intraocular lens is located directly adjacent and at leastpartially defines the interlenticular space.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a methodof producing and/or implanting an intraocular lens system of dual opticintraocular lenses or piggyback intraocular lenses. According to themethod, there is provided a first intraocular lens having a bodydefining an outer surface and a coating disposed upon a region of theouter surface. The body is formed of a hydrophobic material and thecoating is formed of a hydrophilic material or a super-hydrophobicmaterial. The first intraocular lens is implanted in an eye such thatthe first intraocular lens is disposed adjacent a second intraocularlens within the eye. The second lens also has a body defining an outersurface. The first and second lenses cooperatively form the intraocularlens system and the first and second lenses define an intralenticularspace between the first and second lens. The coating of the firstintraocular lens faces and opposes the outer surface of the secondintraocular lens. Moreover, the coating of the first intraocular lens islocated directly adjacent and at least partially defines theinterlenticular space. The second lens may also have a coating formed ofa hydrophilic or super-hydrophobic material and the coating of thesecond lens will typically face and opposed the coating of the firstlens.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a pair of exemplary intraocular lensesthat are arranged to form an intraocular lens system in accordance withan aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a pair of exemplary intraocular lenses arearranged to form an alternative intraocular lens system in accordancewith an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a front view of an exemplary intraocular lens in accordancewith an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of an exemplary piggyback lens system inaccordance with the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an exemplary dual optic accommodative lenssystem in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is predicated upon the provision of at least oneintraocular lens (IOL) and preferably two IOLs that have a coating foraiding in the prevention of opacification, particularly interlenticularlens opacification (ILO). The IOL[s] typically form an intraocular lenssystem such as a dual optic or piggyback lens system. The coating istypically formed of a hydrophilic or super-hydrophobic material foraiding in the resistance or prevention of ILO.

Unless otherwise specifically stated, percentages of materials as usedherein are weight percentages (w/w).

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary intraocular lens system 10 in accordancewith an aspect of the present invention. The system 10 includes a firstintraocular lens 12 and a second intraocular lens 14. As used herein,the terms “first” and “second” as they are used to indicate a lens ofthe system are merely used to indicate one of the lenses as opposed tothe other. These terms are not intended to suggest any order such asorder of implantation, unless otherwise specifically stated.

Each of the lenses 12, 14 includes a body 18 defining an outer surface20 and a coating 24 disposed upon a region 28 of that outer surface 20.The coatings 24 of the lenses 12, 14 can aid in the prevention of ILO asis discussed further below. Each of the lenses 12, 14 also includeshaptics 32 extending outwardly from the bodies 18 of the lenses 12, 14.

Each coating 24 of each of the lenses 12, 14 faces and opposes the outersurface 20 of the other of the lenses 12, 14. This is particularly thecase after both lenses have been implanted within an eye. Theintraocular lenses 12, 14 define an interlenticular space 36therebetween and the coatings 24 of the lenses 12, 14 are both locateddirectly adjacent and at least partially define the interlenticularspace 36.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, each of the lenses 12, 14 has its owncoating 24. However, it is contemplated that only one of the lenses mayhave a coating while the other lens may be uncoated. This configurationis shown in FIG. 2. This may be the case, for example, when theintraocular system includes a set of piggyback lenses for which a firstuncoated lens has already been implanted and a second coated lens isimplanted as an adjustment to the first lens.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the coating 24 of each lens 12, 14 isdisposed upon a region 28 of the body 18 and more particularly isdisposed only upon one of two opposing sides 40, 42 of the body 18. Itis contemplated, however, that the coating may be disposed upon otherregions of the body or the entirety of the body of the lens. The term“region” as used herein is intended to mean only a portion of the body.However, the suggestion that the coating covers or is disposed upon aregion of the outer surface of the body is not intended to restrict thecoating from being located on other portions of the body unless it isspecifically stated that the coating is only disposed upon that region.

In instances where the coating is selectively disposed upon only aregion of the IOL, it is generally preferred that the region be asubstantial portion of the outer surface of the body of the IOL.Preferably, that substantial portion is at least 20%, more preferably atleast 40% and even possibly at least 60% of the outer surface of thebody. The substantial portion is typically less than 90% and moretypically less than 80% of the outer surface of the body. Theaforementioned percentages are taken as percentages of total surfacearea of the body. The outer surface of the body is considered exclusiveof any outer surface area of the haptics. Of course, the haptics mayalso be coated, but are not considered part of the body.

In one preferred embodiment, the coating is formed as a ring about onlya peripheral region of the IOL body as shown in FIG. 3. In such anembodiment, the peripheral region may be on only one side of the IOL oron both sides. It is contemplated that a second IOL in a systemaccording to the present invention could have a ring shaped coating thatis configured to oppose and face the ring shaped coating of FIG. 3 orsuch second IOL may have an alternative coating shape such as a coatingcovering one entire side of its body.

The body, the haptics or both of any of the intraocular lenses accordingto the present invention are preferably formed of a hydrophobicmaterial. Such hydrophobic material will typically have a contact anglethat is no greater than 90 degrees, more typically no greater than 85degrees and even possibly no greater than 80 degrees. Such material willalso typically have a contact angle that is at least 50 degrees and moretypically at least 60 degrees and even possibly at least 65 degrees.Unless stated otherwise, contact angles for the materials of the presentinvention are determined in accordance with Young's equation asdiscussed in Physical Chemistry of Surfaces (sixth edition), Adamson,Arthur W. et al., Chapter X, pgs. 352-354.

The material of the body, the haptics or both is preferably an acrylatebased material. Acrylate based materials are defined as having asubstantial portion of acrylate monomers, which are preferably offormulation 1 below:

wherein: X is H or CH₃;m is 0-10;Y is nothing, O, S, or NR wherein R is H, CH₃, C_(n)H_(2n+1)(n=1-10),iso-OC₃ H₇, C₆H 5, or CH₂C₆H₅;Ar is any aromatic ring which can be unsubstituted or substituted withCH₃, C₂H₅, n-C₃H₇, iso-C₃H₇, OCH₃, C₆H₁₁, C₆ H₅, or CH₂C₆H₅;

Suitable monomers of structure (I) include, but are not limited to:2-ethylphenoxy methacrylate; 2-ethylphenoxy acrylate; 2-ethylthiophenylmethacrylate; 2-ethylthiophenyl acrylate; 2-ethylaminophenylmethacrylate; 2-ethylaminophenyl acrylate; phenyl methacrylate; phenylacrylate; benzyl methacrylate; benzyl acrylate; 2-phenylethylmethacrylate; 2-phenylethyl acrylate; 3-phenylpropyl methacrylate;3-phenylpropyl acrylate; 4-phenylbutyl methacrylate; 4-phenylbutylacrylate; 4-methylphenyl methacrylate; 4-methylphenyl acrylate;4-methylbenzyl methacrylate; 4-methylbenzyl acrylate;2-2-methylphenylethyl methacrylate; 2-2-methylphenylethyl acrylate;2-3-methylphenylethyl methacrylate; 2-3-methylphenylethyl acrylate;24-methylphenylethyl methacrylate; 2-4-methylphenylethyl acrylate;2-(4-propylphenyl)ethyl methacrylate; 2-(4-propylphenyl)ethyl acrylate;2-(4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl)ethyl methacrylate;2-(4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl)ethyl acrylate; 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylmethacrylate; 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl acrylate;2-(4-cyclohexylphenyl)ethyl methacrylate; 2-(4-cyclohexylphenyl)ethylacrylate; 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl methacrylate; 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylacrylate; 2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl methacrylate; 2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethylacrylate; 2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl methacrylate; 2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylacrylate; 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl methacrylate; 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethylacrylate; 2-(3-phenylphenyl)ethyl methacrylate; 2-(3-phenylphenyl)ethylacrylate; 2-(4-phenylphenyl)ethyl methacrylate; 2-(4-phenylphenyl)ethylacrylate; 2-(4-benzylphenyl)ethyl methacrylate; and2-(4-benzylphenyl)ethyl acrylate, and the like.

It is contemplated that the first and second IOLs of a system can beformed of substantially identical material, but may be formed ofdifferent materials. Preferably, the material of both IOLs of the systemare acrylate based, however, it is possible for one to be acrylate basedwhile another may be formed of a different material (e.g., a siliconebased material). In such circumstances, the acrylate based IOL willtypically include a coating according to the present invention while theother IOL of different material may or may not include a coating.

The material of the body and/or haptics is typically formed from atleast 30%, more typically at least 70% and even possibly at least 95%acrylate monomers. The material of the body and/or haptics is typicallyformed from no greater than about 99.9% acrylate monomers. Theseacrylate based materials are typically mixed with a curing agent and/ora polymerization initiator so that the materials may be cured to formthe IOLs. As such, it will be understood that these monomers are linkedto form polymers in the finished IOLs. Examples of acrylate-based lensesare, without limitation, described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,922,821;6,313,187; 6,353,069; and 6,703,466, all of which are fully incorporatedherein by reference for all purposes.

The coating is preferably formed of a hydrophilic material or asuper-hydrophobic material. A suitable hydrophilic material willtypically have a contact angle that is no greater than 50 degrees, moretypically no greater than 45 degrees and even possibly no greater than35 degrees. Such material will typically have a contact angle that is atleast 5 degrees.

A hydrophilic coating can also be formed of a hydrogel material. In suchan embodiment, functionalized hydrogel precursors of hydrogel materialssuch as polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyether imide (PEI),combinations thereof or the like may be coated upon the outer surface ofthe IOL body. The precursors can then be cross-linked by ultravioletand/or visible light, plasma, radiation, heat energy or the like to formthe coating of hydrogel material.

A suitable super-hydrophobic material for the coating will typicallyhave a contact angle that is at least 90 degrees, more typically atleast 100 degrees and even more possibly at least 130 degrees. Suchmaterial will typically have a contact angle no greater than 177degrees.

When the coating is formed of a super-hydrophobic material, siliconebased materials are typically quite desirable. Silicone based materialsare those materials that include a substantial portion of silicon orsilicon monomers (e.g., silane or siloxane). When silicone based, thematerial of the coating typically is formed from at least 30%, moretypically at least 60% and even possibly at least 80% silicone monomers.In such embodiment, the material of the coating is typically formed fromno greater than about 99.9% silicone monomers. Examples of siliconematerials are, without limitation, described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,420,213; 5,494,946; 7,033,391; and 7,071,244, all of which are fullyincorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Silicone based coatings can be formed upon the body of the IOL usingvarious techniques. In one embodiment, silicon monomers (e.g., silane orsiloxane monomers) can be coated on the outer surface of the body byplasma deposition or polymerization onto the surface of the body. Inanother embodiment, plasma treatment (e.g., oxygen or water plasmatreatment) can be employed to introduce hydroxyl groups onto the outersurface of the IOL body followed by a silanization treatment. In yetanother embodiment, a surface modifying agent containing silicone blockcopolymer can be blended with the acrylate material prior to casting andcuring of the IOL.

As an alternative to silicone, super-hydrophobic materials with evengreater hydrophobicity (e.g., contact angles of at least 130 degrees)may be used. These super-hydrophobic coatings can be formed usingcontinuous or, more preferably, modulated plasmadeposition/polymerization treatment of perfluorocarbons monomers, whichcan then be cross-linked to form a polytetrafluoroehtylene (PTFE)coating. As an alternative, benzene moieties can be attached to the IOLbody outer surface by direct fluorination to form a super-hydrophobiccoating. As another alternative, plasma treatment (e.g., oxygen or waterplasma treatment) can be used to introduce hydroxyl groups onto theouter surface of the IOL body followed by a fluorinated silanizationtreatment.

As an alternative or addition to a hydrophilic or super-hydrophobiccoating, it is contemplated that a coating may be formed of bioactiveagents. As one example, natural or synthetic molecules that modulate orinhibit protein adsorption and/or cell adhesion can be attached to theouter surface of the body to form a modified surface coating (e.g., amodified surface that preferentially adsorb serum albumin). As anotherexample, pharmacological agents such as immunosuppressants, mTORinhibitors or the like can be attached or otherwise coated on the outersurface of the IOL body to form a coating that prohibits or inhibitslens epithelial cell (LEC) growth. It is also contemplated that acoating may only cover a peripheral region (e.g., a peripheral edge) ofthe lens body and, for example, may form a ring about the lens bodyand/or may extend radially outwardly from the peripheral region. Stillfurther, it is contemplated that the coating may be formed as a separatesolid film (e.g., an annular disc shape film) that is then disposed overthe surface of the lens body and preferably attached (e.g., adhered)thereto.

Implantation

Lens systems of the present invention can be implanted in the eyeaccording various protocols. Typically a first lens is implantedfollowed by a second lens. It is contemplated, however, that two lensesmay be implanted at least partially simultaneously. Both lenses may beimplanted in the capsular bag or one may be located in the capsular bagwhile the other is outside of the capsular bag.

In one preferred embodiment, a first lens is implanted in the capsularbag and then, upon discovery that the first lens is not providing thedesired visual performance, a second lens is implanted in the sulces ofthe eye. Such lenses are typically referred to as piggy-back lenses. Asexample of such lenses are shown in FIG. 4. As can be seen, a first lens50 is disposed in the capsular bag and is without a coating. However, asecond lens 52, which has been implanted later in the sulces doesinclude a coating 54 in accordance with the present invention.Generally, for piggy-back lens systems, the lens implanted in the sulcesor the second lens implanted will be the only lens to include a coatingsince the lens in the capsular bag will have been implanted without theknowledge that a second lens would necessarily be implanted. Of course,it would be possible for the first implanted lens 50 (i.e., the lens inthe capsular bag) to also include a coating, particularly if there is alikelihood that a second piggyback lens will be implanted later. In theembodiment shown, the coating 54 is in opposing facing relation to anouter side surface 56 of the first lens 50 and directly adjacent aninterlenticular space 58 between the lenses.

In another preferred embodiment, a first lens is implanted in thecapsular bag and then a second lens is implanted in the capsular bag andconnected to the first lens to form a dual optic intraocular lens system(e.g., an accommodative system). As can be seen in FIG. 5, a first lens60 having positive power is implanted and a second lens 62 havingnegative power is implanted. They are then attached to each other withattachment members 64 (e.g., interlocking haptics or other members) toform a dual optic accommodative intraocular lens system. As can also beseen, both of the lenses 60 and 62 having coatings 66, 68 on only oneside of the lenses 60, 62 and those coatings 66, 68 are in opposingfacing relation to each other and adjacent an intralenticular space 70.

The entire contents of all cited references in this disclosure arespecifically incorporated herein by reference. Further, when an amount,concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range,preferred range, or a list of upper preferable values and lowerpreferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosingall ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferredvalue and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless ofwhether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numericalvalues is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intendedto include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions withinthe range. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limitedto the specific values recited when defining a range.

Other embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art from consideration of the present specification andpractice of the present invention disclosed herein. It is intended thatthe present specification and examples be considered as exemplary onlywith a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by thefollowing claims and equivalents thereof.

We claim:
 1. An intraocular lens for use as part of a set of dual opticintraocular lenses or piggyback intraocular lenses, the intraocular lenscomprising: a body formed of a hydrophobic material, the body definingan outer surface; and a coating disposed on a region of the outersurface of the body, the coating being formed of a hydrophilic materialor a super-hydrophobic material wherein: i) the body and coatingcooperatively form a first intraocular lens; and ii) the coating of thefirst intraocular lens is configured to face and oppose an outer surfaceof a second intraocular lens when both the first and the secondintraocular lens have been implanted within an eye.
 2. An intraocularlens as in claim 1 wherein the first intraocular lens and the secondintraocular lens define an interlenticular space therebetween and thecoating is located directly adjacent and at least partially defines theinterlenticular space.
 3. An intraocular lens as in claim 1 wherein thecoating is disposed only on the region of the body leaving a substantialportion of the body uncovered by the coating.
 4. An intraocular lens asin claim 3 wherein the substantial portion is at least 40% of thesurface of the body.
 5. An intraocular lens as in claim 1 wherein thehydrophobic material is an acrylate based material.
 6. An intraocularlens as in claim 1 wherein the coating is formed of a silicone basedmaterial.
 7. An intraocular lens as in claim 1 wherein the hydrophobicmaterial has a contact angle that is at least 40 degrees but no greaterthan 85 degrees, the super-hydrophobic material has a contact angle thatis at least 90 degrees, the hydrophilic material has a contact anglethat is no greater than 50 degrees.
 8. An intraocular lens system ofdual optic intraocular lenses or piggyback intraocular lenses, theintraocular lens system comprising: a first intraocular lens thatincludes a body defining an outer surface and a coating disposed on aregion of the outer surface of the body, the body of the firstintraocular lens being formed of a hydrophobic material and the coatingof the first intraocular lens being formed of a hydrophilic material ora super-hydrophobic material; and a second intraocular lens thatincludes a body defining an outer surface, the second intraocular lensbeing disposed adjacent the first lens thereby forming aninterlenticular space between the first lens and the second lens,wherein: i) the coating of the first intraocular lens faces and opposesthe outer surface of the second intraocular lens; ii) the coating of thefirst intraocular lens is located directly adjacent and at leastpartially defines the interlenticular space.
 9. An intraocular lenssystem as in claim 8 wherein the second intraocular lens includes acoating formed of a hydrophilic material or a super-hydrophobicmaterial.
 10. An intraocular lens system as in claim 9 wherein the firstintraocular lens and the second intraocular lens define aninterlenticular space therebetween and the coating of the first lens,the coating of the second lens or both are located directly adjacent andat least partially define the interlenticular space.
 11. An intraocularlens system as in claim 8 wherein the coating of the first lens isdisposed only on the region of the body leaving a substantial portion ofthe body uncovered by the coating.
 12. An intraocular lens system as inof claim 11 wherein the substantial portion is at least 60% of thesurface of the body.
 13. An intraocular lens system as in claim 8wherein the hydrophobic material is an acrylate based material.
 14. Anintraocular lens system as in claim 8 wherein the coating if formed of asilicone based material.
 15. An intraocular lens system as in claim 8wherein the hydrophobic material has a contact angle that is at least 40degrees but no greater than 85 degrees, the super-hydrophobic materialhas a contact angle that is at least 90 degrees, the hydrophilicmaterial has a contact angle that is no greater than 50 degrees.
 16. Amethod of producing and/or implanting an intraocular lens system of dualoptic intraocular lenses or piggyback intraocular lenses, the methodcomprising: providing a first intraocular lens having a body defining anouter surface and a coating disposed upon a region of the outer surface,the body being formed of a hydrophobic material and the coating beingformed of a hydrophilic material or a super-hydrophobic material;implanting the first intraocular lens in an eye such that the firstintraocular lens is disposed adjacent a second intraocular lens withinthe eye, the second lens having a body defining an outer surface, thefirst and second lenses cooperatively forming the intraocular lenssystem and the first and second lenses defining a intralenticular spacebetween the first and second lens, wherein: i) the coating of the firstintraocular lens faces and opposes the outer surface of the secondintraocular lens; ii) the coating of the first intraocular lens islocated directly adjacent and at least partially defines theinterlenticular space.
 17. A method as in claim 16 wherein thehydrophobic material is an acrylate material.
 18. A method as in claim17 wherein the coating if formed of a silicone material.
 19. A method asin claim 16 wherein the second intraocular lens includes a coating. 20.A method as in claim 16 wherein the hydrophobic material has a contactangle that is at least 40 degrees but no greater than 85 degrees, thesuper-hydrophobic material has a contact angle that is at least 90degrees, the hydrophilic material has a contact angle that is no greaterthan 50 degrees.